Naming the Enslaved
Nasca Hacienda Inventories
Inventories and the Jesuit Expulsion | Criollos and Bozales | Gender and Work | Names
This page is dedicated to the memorialization and commemoration of the 584 enslaved individuals named in the 1767 inventories of Jesuit haciendas of San Joseph de la Nasca and San Francisco Xavier de la Nasca, and the hundreds of other individuals enslaved at the haciendas of Nasca from the sixteenth century through emancipation 1854.
These individuals are Africans and African descendants, ancestors of the modern communities of the Nasca and Palpa region, and beyond. Their names were recorded by agents of the Spanish Crown during the Jesuit expulsion, as part of the dehumanizing process of listing human property of the Society of Jesus, to be expropriated along with the haciendas of San Joseph and San Xavier. Most Afro-descendants, born in Peru and the Americas, lived with these names their entire lives. For enslaved Africans, these same names signaled the birth of a new identity under the yoke of slavery, Christian names, that for some, striped away traditional African identities. Yet, their names are powerful testaments of the existence of these ancestors in the Ingenio Valley.
Inventories and the Jesuit Expulsion
Criollos and Bozales
Between 1500 and 1867 over 40,000 ships engaged in trafficking human beings from the African continent to the Americas. Over 12.5 million people were stolen from their homelands, while about 10.7 million of these individuals survived the voyages and were forced into servitude across the Atlantic Ocean. During Peru’s Spanish colonial period (1532-1821), around 100,000 Africans arrived in the slave trade.
At the Jesuit haciendas of San Joseph and San Xavier in Nasca, most enslaved individuals were negros criollos, people of African descent born in the Americas. Those born in Africa were called bozales. Unlike the women, men born in Africa were given surnames that reflect their place of embarkation from the African continent. The original 1619/1620 property title of San Joseph names the first enslaved botija potters as Domingo de Guelua [sic. Huelva] and six enslaved assistants, whose ethnonymic surnames suggest there were of Senegambian origin: Diego Bran, two men named Francisco Bañol, Bernal Balanta, Francisco Bran, and Gaspar Bran.
In 1767, eleven percent of the men at San Joseph and San Xavier had ethnonymic surnames. Those named Mandinga came from Senegambia in West Africa; Mina, Chala, and Popo, from Upper Guinea; Lucumí and Terranova, signaled Yoruba people from what is today Benin and Nigeria, and the Caravalí were people from Nigeria and Cameroon. Individuals from the Central African kingdoms of Kongo and Angola were also present.
Gender and Work
The purpose of enslaved labor at the Jesuit haciendas of Nasca was to turn the raw materials to a commercial product to generate income for the Jesuit secondary schools in Lima and Cuzco. In this case, enslaved women and men used sun, soil, and water to grow grapes, and transformed the fruit into wine and brandy. However, a colonial hacienda was a complex agribusiness, with many tasks, both specialized and general. While some of these tasks were performed by both women and men, such as work in the vineyards, some were specific to gender.
Early-modern Spanish notions of gender and labor meant that certain tasks were reserved only for men, such as winemaking, brandy production, blacksmithing, and ceramic production.
Women were charged with cooking and meal preparation, and were probably more active in gardening and working with and raising animals such as sheep and chicken for food. Their creativity is evident in household archaeology, where we have learned that enslaved cooks prepared foods that resembled stews of Atlantic Africa, seasoned with hot peppers and punctuated with sweet fruits from the gardens.
The inventories reveal that there was a general balance of enslaved men and women on the Jesuit haciendas. This is rooted in the Jesuit administration’s attention to the sacraments, especially marriage, encouraging the development of families at their haciendas. Unmarried and adolescent enslaved residents of the haciendas lived in gender segregated barracks, but enslaved couples and their children resided in small and simple homes.
Enslaved Individuals by Gender
San Xavier
San Joseph
Sex and Age of Enslaved Persons at San Joseph de la Nasca, 1767
Enslaved People of San Francisco Xavier de la Nasca and San Pablo de la Nasca, 1767
Enslaved Men
Gregorio Marquez
Julian de la Rosa
Balthasar de los Reyes
Bisente Ferrer
Pedro Pablo Terranovo
Estanyslado Terranovo
Juan de Zuñiga
Silvestre Figueroa
Thomas Chala
Casimiro Martinez
Thomas Borja
Juan Joseph Boca
Ambrosio Terranovo
Juan Joseph Servantes
Juan de Ribas
Simon Chala
Bartolome Phelipe
Carlos de Aguirre
Manuel Labandero
Francisco Mandiga
Salvador de los Santos
Juan Antonio Quinoz
Francisco Regis
Pascual Remisgio
Francisco de Paula
Ygnacio Funes
Basilio Magno
Cayetano Trujillo
Christobal Castillo
Diego de Alcalá
Pedro de la Asumpcion
Joseph Maria
Francisco de Borja
Xabier de Jessus
Urbano del Espiritu Santo
Anacleto de Jessus
Nicomeo de la Cruz
Telesforo de Santa Cruz
Jorje de Jesus
Juan Anteportalatina
Prudencio de Jessus
Antonio Congo
Domingo Chala
Bartolome Mandinga
Martin Mari
Agustin Moncada
Basilio Manuel
Francisco Alzamora
Francisco Romano
Francisco Congo
Joachin de los Rios
Ygnacio de Villa
Juan de Vlibaren
Salbador Martines
Marcelo Barrera
Carlos Primero
Eusebio de la Concepcion
Manuel Rumaldo
Pedro Xamayca
Emeregildo de Jessus
Juan Evangelista
Juan Chaco
Marcelo de la Cruz
Xavier Congo
Pio de la Vega
Cleodoro de Jessus
Leonardo de Jessus
Josephe Phelipe
Esteban de Ungria
Manuel Banduria
Miguel Angola
Atanacio de la Cruz
Cayetano de Jessus
Juan de Dios Servantes
Juan Bauptista de Jessus
Antonio Congo
Mariano de Jessus
Bernardino de Sena
Toribio de Jesus
Luis Beltran
Leopoldo Ygnacio
Feliz Gonzaga
Bernabel de Jesus
Joseph Quadrato
Eulario de Jesus
Clemente de Jessus
Phelipe Santiago
Miguel Congo
Santiago de Jessus
Feliciano de el Sacramento
Gaspar de los Reyes
Manuel de la Calera
Joseph Mateo
Juan Climaco
Sevastian de Guara
Bisente
Julian de San Juan
Nicolas Tagle
Pedro de la Calera
Joseph Morellano
Juan Bauptista
Francisco Popo
Juan de los Ynocentes
Geronio de Jessus
Miguel Congo
Florenciano
Nicolas, Carabajo
Ventura
Pablo de la Calera
Joseph de Jessus
Matheo
Santiago Canga
Juan Perales
Joseph Antonio Portuguez
Enslaved Boys
Manuel de Jesus
Bentura de Jesus
Bitoriano de Jesus
Nedeo de Jesus
Benancio de Jessus
Miguel de la Aparicion
Gregorio del Espiritu Santo
Fermin de Jessus
Faustino de Jessus
Domingo de Jessus
Sebastian de Jesus
Ciriaco de Jessus
Enrrique de Jessus
Theodoro de Jessus
Martin del Patrocinio
Xabier Zamudio
Melchor Castillo
Pedro del Espiritu Santo
Nicolas Agustin
Eustaqui Matheo
Ygnacio Bizente
Juan de la Rosa
Marcelo Garcia
Juan Anteportalatina
Bisente de Jessus
Ygnacio de Jessus
Mariano de Jessus
Manuel de la Asumpcion
Thomas de Jessus
Mariano de Jessus
Xavier de Jesus
Joseph del Sacramento
Julian de Jessus
Joseph Ylarion
Modesto Garzia
Jacinto de Jessus
Migel de Jesus
Joseph Eufracio
Juan de los Ynocentes
Juan de Dios
Estanislado Cayetano
Pedro Alcantara
Policarpo de Jesus
Joseph Santiago
Bentura de Jesus
Policarpo de Jesus
Thadeo de Jesus
Francisco Xabier
Policarpo de Jessus
Juan de Dios
Thomas Feliberto
Juan de Dios Molero
Thiburcio de Jesus
Juan Fermin
Pedro Alexandrino
Juan Climaco
Enslaved Women
Estefania Ygnacia
Juana del Aguila
Brigida de Jesus
Cayetana Ygnacia
Petrona Palamino
Juana de Mata
Urbana del Carmen
Feliciana de Jesus
Blasa de la Candelaria
Maria de la Asumpcion
Maria del Populo
Ysabel de Portugal
Marcela de San Pablo
Damiana Margarita
Dionisia de Ribera
Martina de Loyola
Romualda de Loyola
Maria de la Encarnazion
Maria Jocoba
Maria Ygnacia
Maria de la Ó
Manuela del Castillo
Juana Evangelista
Monica Agustina
Lorenza de la Soledad
Rufina Martines
Martina del Aguila
Maria Patrocinio
Michaela Castillo
Maria Basquez
Dionisia Cayetana
Cayetana Nonata
Estebania Pizarro
Escolastica Figueroa
Clara de Jesus
Josepha Januaría
Lusia Sinecia
Josepha Vitalina
Margarita Vernabela
Maria Enrrica
Alfonsa de Jesus
Romana Nonata
Phelipa Juliana
Maria Comcepcion
Ygnacia de los Reyes
Dionisia Lauteria
Vibiana de Jesus
Maria Cecilia
Margarita de Jesus
Vitoriana de Jesus
Graciana de Jesus
Gregoria de Jesus
Baltasara de los Reyes
Fernanda de Jesus
Maria de la Esaltazion
Maria Rosalia
Maria de la Ó
Esistaquia de Jesus
Maria Josepha
Marcelina de Jesus
Josepha de Jesus
Racida Custodia
Fermina de Jesus
Manuela Vasquez
Melchora de los Reyes
Feliciana de Jesus
Chistina de Jesus
Maria Filotea
Maria Germana
Petronila Arbues
Andrea de Jesus
Ynes de Jesus
Joachina
Maria Manuela
Agustina de Jesus
Maria de la Natibidad
Damiana de Jesus
Martina de Jesus
Ylaria de Jesus
Ysabel de la Visitacion
Enslaved Girls
Aoustina [sic] Pastora
Maria Madalena de Pacis
Agustina Theresa
Esteja de Jesus
Maria de Jesus
Cayetana de la Esaltazion
Petrona Cayetana
Rafaela de Jesus
Maria Margarita
Dominga de la Calzada
Juana de Jesus
Maria de la Soledad
Laurencia de Jesus
Maria de las Mercedes
Cayetana de Jesus
Petronia
Maria Patrocinio
Petronila Josepha
Petrona Alcantara
Catalina de la Asumpcion
Ygnacia de Loyola
Modesta Maria
Maria de la Natibidad
Joachina
Cayetana de Jesus
Metildes de Jesus
Pheliciana
Leonor
Polaya
Rufina Segunda
Manuela del Sacramento
Maria de Jesus
Ursula de Jesus
Dionisia de Jesus
Thomasa
Maria de la Asumpcion
Francisca Romana
Maria de la Cruz
Martina de Jesus
Theodora de Jesus
Christina de Jesus
Michaela de Jesus
Petronila de Jesus
Leandra Florentina
Josepha Germana
Barbara de Jesus
Esteja Dominga
Josepha Trijonia
Angela de Jesus
Vicenta de Jesus
Claudia de Jesus
Eufracia
Magsimiana
Esmagrada
Segunda
Serafina Josepha
Enslaved People of San Joseph de la Nasca, 1767
Enslaved Men
Feliciano Coronado, invalid Caporal [foreman], 75 years old
Tiburcio Coronado, Second Caporal, 42 years old
Domingo Nuñez, 64 years old
Valentin Figueroa, 65 years old
Juan Congo, 70 years old
Diego Ygnacio, 55 years old
Romualdo de Jesus, 65 years old
Faustino de la Rosa, 45 years old
Anselmo de San Marcos, 45 years old
Joseph Antonio Carabali, 60 years old
Joseph Camacho, 75 years old
Juan Ciriaco, 45 years old
Salvador Mina, 56 years old
Domingo Congo, 60 years old
Christobal Baptista Villegas, 55 years old
Ventura Angola, 45 years old
Miguel de Figueroa, disabled, 70 years old
Santiago Olmedo, 52 years old
Ventura de la Natividad, 45 years old
Diego Estanislao, 40 years old
Juan Muñoz, 45 years old
Joseph Xauregui, 54 years old
Cayetano de Jesus, 45 years old
Marcelo Varrutia, 40 years old
Miguel de el Espíritu Santo, 35 years old
Salvador Agapito, 35 years old
Antonio de el Castillo, 50 years old
Ygnacio Congo Vergara, 50 years old
Joseph Antonio Canga, 45 years old
Antonio Copacabana, 42 years old
Pedro Joseph Alcantara, 20 years old
Miguel de Loyola, went with Fr. Armendarizo, 50 years old
Francisco Xavier, 40 years old
Antonio de San Joseph, 40 years old
Andres Corsino, 42 years old
Manuel Ames, 45 years old
Juan Francisco Rexis, 35 years old
Matheo Mauricio, 58 years old
Manuel Negron, 35 years old
Joseph Miguel, 54 years old
Alexandro de la Natividad, 35 years old
Pedro Martir, 30 years old
Victoriano de Jesus, 32 years old
Pedro Pablo de el Campo, 26 years old
Policarpo de Figueroa, 30 years old
Galo de Figueroa, 24 years old
Joachin de San Joseph, 24 years old
Joachin Salzedo, 55 years old
Marcelo de San Joseph, 35 years old
Baltahazar de los Reyes, 50 years old
Dionirio Areespagita, 34 years old
Bernardino de Senta, 35 years old
Augustin Elmeto y Olmedo, 40 years old
Joseph Carabali, 35 years old
Eusebio Subieta, 30 years old
Francisco Congo, 52 years old
Antonio Carabali, 38 years old
Joseph Arias, 35 years old
Manuel Uribe, 35 years old
Antonio Rodriguez, 52 years old
Pasqual Bailon, 34 years old
Lorenzo Flores, 45 years old
Sebastian Joseph, 40 years old
Antonio Xavier, 35 years old
Mathias Ygnacio, 35 years old
Joseph Theodoro, 18 years old
Juan Bozal, 17 years old
Anselmo Sotero, 30 years old
Francisco Figueroa, 65 years old
Antonio Correa, 30 years old
Victorino de los Ynocentes, 32 years old
Leon de la Resurreccion, 22 years old
Favian Joseph, 22 years old
Joseph Olmo, 36 years old
Pablo Mendes, 60 years old
Francisco Subieta, 70 years old
Gregorio Palacios, 40 years old
Anselmo de la Madre de Dios, 35 years old
Joseph Antonio Aumonte, 50 years old
Juan Prospero, 25 years old
Estevan de Jesus, 24 years old
Joachin Armendaris, absent - went with the business manager, 20 years old
Maximo Fernando, 19 years old
Juan Joseph Mina, disabled, 60 years old
Francisco Loyola, disabled, 70 years old
Xavier Mina, disabled, 70 years old
Ygnacio Passadas, disabled, 70 years old
Antonio de Jesus, 45 years old
Sebastian Collantes, 50 years old
Juan de Dios Mina, 32 years old
Pedro de Olavide, 45 years old
Ygnacio Herrera, 50 years old
Joachin Pizarro, 50 years old
Joachin Carabali, 62 years old
Francisco de el Campo, 40 years old
Manuel de la Natividad, 30 years old
Juan Antonio Cueto, 35 years old
Antonio de San Joseph de Nasca, 32 years old
Mansueto de Figueroa, 32 years old
Espiridion de la Concepcion, 26 years old
Jorge de San Joseph, 24 years old
Joseph Fortunato, 24 years old
Juan Joseph Orellana, 40 years old
Antonio Choco, 55 years old
Antonio de los Reyes, 30 years old
Marcos de la Cruz, 35 years old
Miguel de la Cruz, 32 years old
Antonio Chabaque, 50 years old
Pedro Camacho, 45 years old
Thomas de San Joseph, 45 years old
Joseph Manuel Rodriguez
Joachin de el Castilla, 22 years old
Joseph Polonio, 20 years old
Manuel de la Rosa, 22 years old
Pedro Nuñez, 40 years old
Feliciano de Jesus, 28 years old
Cayetano Medina, 32 years old
Thomas Casao, 33 years old
Celemente Vazquez, 26 years old
Joseph Pastrana, 23 years old
Domingo Carrillio, 23 years old
Enslaved Boys
Pedro Uringa, 10 years old
Ciriaco Joseph, 12 years old
Thomas de Villanueva, 11 years old
Leanaro Magno, 9 years old
Francisco de Asis, 10 years old
Cosme Damian, 10 years old
Gabriel Benico, 10 years old
Evencio de la Cruz, 9 years old
Augustin Joseph, 8 years old
Enslaved Young Boys
Severino de Jesus, 7 years old
Ygnacio de el Espiritu Santo, 6 years old
Pedro Nolasco, deceased
Joseph Phelipe, 7 years old
Pedro Joseph, 6 years old
Pasqual de Jesus, 4 years old
Celedonio de Jesus, 3 years old
Agapito de Jesus, 3 years old
Luis Gonzaga, 3 years old
Manuel de el Espiritu Santo, 2 years old
Anselmo Sotero, 2 years old
Adriano Joseph, 2 years old
Joseph Mariano, 2 years old
Gavino de Jesus, 2 years old
Francisco de Borja, 4 years old
Ambrosio de la Concepcion, 1 year old
Pedro Chrisologo, 1 year old
Pasqual de Jesus, 1 year old
Enslaved Women
Mauricia de Villegas, disabled, 65 years old
Andrea Maria de Castro, 60 years old
Juana Josepha, disabled, 60 years old
Cathalina de la Rosa, 48 years old
Ursula Perez, 45 years old
Rita de la Trinidad, 50 years old
Valentina de San Juan, 45 years old
Magdalena de la Rios, disabled, 45 years old
Maria Asencion, 50 years old
Petrona de el Espiritu Santo, 40 years old
Victoria Yldegarda, 45 years old
Maria Estinislas, 42 years old
Damiana de Jesus, 24 years old
Thomasa de la O., disabled, 40 years old
Vitalina de la Rosa, 30 years old
Ana de el Rosario, 35 years old
Cassiana Coronado, 32 years old
Paulina de el Sacramento, troubled, 28 years old
Bernardina de Sena, 34 years old
Maria Eusebia, 30 years old
Rosa Maria, 32 years old
Petrona de San Xavie, 40 years old
Michaela Ximenes, 35 years old
Josepha Maxima, 36 years old
Augustina Aguilar, 40 years old
Valeriana Lacunia, 35 years old
Juana de la Trinidad, 35 years old
Maria Manuela, 35 years old
Francisca Sales, 32 years old
Yldegarda de Jesus, 30 years old
Mauricia Yldegarda, 30 years old
Lorenza de San Juan, 28 years old
Maria Josepha de San Joseph, 30 years old
Maria Josepha de el Patrocinio, 32 years old
Petrona Nolazco, 28 years old
Antonia de Jesus, 30 years old
Justa Maxima, amputee, 30 years old
Modesta Crencia, 30 years old
Alexandra Matrona, 35 years old
Andrea Ninpha, 35 years old
Juana Baptista, 30 years old
Evarrita Cossio, 30 years old
Victorina de San Miguel, 30 years old
Maria de el Patrocinio, 26 years old
Manuela de Jesus, 32 years old
Melchora de los Reyes, 32 years old
Maria de la Trinidad, 25 years old
Torquata de los Reyes, 26 years old
Juana de la Cruz, 30 years old
Dionisia de Borja, 35 years old
Juana Chrisostoma, 30 years old
Maria Ciriaca, 20 years old
Josepha Gabriela, 25 years old
Luiza Gonzales, 25 years old
Antonia de Padua, 26 years old
Juana Evangelista, 24 years old
Cathalina de el Rosario, 40 years old
Maria de Grazia, 32 years old
Maria Ygnacia de Castro, 20 years old
Maria Theresa de Villegas, 26 years old
Maria Nicolaza Olmedo, 24 years old
Ana Martina, 22 years old
Maria Josepha de la Cruz, 30 years old
Josepha Marcelina, 24 years old
Josepha Calixta, 22 years old
Lorenza Justiniana, 25 years old
Cathalina Romero, 28 years old
Rosa Maria, 25 years old
Maria Mercedes, 25 years old
Pasquala de la Asumpcion, 30 years old
Josepha Fortunata, 26 years old
Juliana Protasia, 22 years old
Maria de los Santos, 22 years old
Gabriela Josepha, 20 years old
Brigida de Jesus, disabled, 60 years old
Sabina de la Trinidad, invalid, 80 years old
Polonia Nicephora, 57 years old
Maria Antonia Mendez, 60 years old
Manuela de Villegas, 59 years old
Liberata de Jesus, 65 years old
Theodora de Castro, 50 years old
Esetrecedis de San Juan, 55 years old
Ana Dionisia, 50 years old
Maria Chica, invalid, 85 years old
Maria Rosa Lozada, 55 years old
Rosa Yldegarda, 42 years old
Maria Martina, 52 years old
Juana de la Rosa, 60 years old
Maria Vicenta, 36 years old
Dionisia Cayetana, 60 years old
Eustachia Bastidas, 30 years old
Maria Adriana de la Trinidad, 15 years old
Victoria de Jesus, 15 years old
Romualda de Jesus, 13 years old
Rosa de Santa Maria, 13 years old
Yldegarda Rodriquez, 12 years old
Victorina de los Santos, 10 years old
Valentina Coronado, 12 years old
Andrea Josepha, 12 years old
Pasquala de el Espiritu Santo, 12 years old
Estephania Dominga, 12 years old
Andrea de la Cruz, 8 years old
Estephania de la Natividad, 8 years old
Maria Ygnacia de la Assumpcion, 7 years old
Pulcheria de los Santos, 6 years old
Jacoba de Jesus, 7 years old
Francisca Xaviera, 6 years old
Dorothea de Jesus, 6 years old
Ygnacia de la Asumpcion, 7 years old
Romualda de la Candelaria, 6 years old
Hermenegilda de Jesus, 3 years old
Francisca de el Espiritu Santo, 4 years old
Manuela de San Ygnacio, 3 years old
Juana de los Ynocentes, 3 years old
Rudecinda de Santa Maria, 1 year old
Josepha de el Patrocinio, 2 years old
Pasquala Morales, 2 years old
Maria Eulalia, 2 years old
Rosa de Santa Maria, 2 years old
Maria Josepha, 1 year old
Maria de los Santos, 1 year old
Francisca Xaviera, 1 year old
Anastasia de la Natividad, 1 year old
Maria Josepha Leona, 1 year old
Balbina Josepha, infant
Maria Ysidora, infant
Barbara de la Resurreccion, infant
Rita de la Trinidad, infant
Braulia Josepha, infant
Thoribia Josepha, infant